Through a combination of literature reviews, online surveys, and case analyses, this study classifies open peer review models based on the leading entities as the primary criterion. Utilizing synergy theory, the paper categorizes open peer review models and analyzes the collaborative operation mechanisms from three aspects: open entities, open forms, and open processes. The existing open peer review models can be categorized into four major types: traditional academic journals, preprint platforms, open publishing platforms, and open review communities. Further subtypes are derived based on the specific characteristics of each category, resulting in a total of 10 sub-models. These diverse models involve different entities, forms, and

processes, each with distinct collaborative mechanisms. Academic communities should choose an appropriate review model and standardize collaborative operation mechanisms based on their specific needs and development goals.

Open science Open peer review Model system Synergy theory , Collaborative operation